(Part IV) A Practical Timeline for Establishing a Permanent Human Presence on the Moon and Mars using SLS and Commercial Launch Capability

Three Mars Regolith Habitats (MRH) connected to a transparent martian biosphere covered with a water shielded biodome.

by Marcel F. Williams

Part IV: Mars

Once NASA has established a permanent human presence in high Mars orbit in the form of a microgravity storm shelter (BA-330), microgravity Deep Space Habitat (DSH), and a rotating simulated gravity producing space station (AGH-SS), the American space agency can then proceed to establish a permanent human presence on the surface of Mars.

An Ares CLV-7B with payload joined with an  ADEPT deceleration shield needed to safely enter  the martian atmosphere before landing. An additional attitude control module is added to enable thrusters to  control the angle of the vehicle's entry into the  martian atmosphere.

2032

SLS Launches:


SLS Launch 34: Two CLV-7A (Cargo Landing Vehicle) to LEO to be deployed to high Mars orbit by OTV-125 vehicles and deployed to the martian surface by ADEPT decelerators

The First CLV-7A  will have an  ATHLETE robot that will deploy electric powered excavation vehicles, sintering vehicles,  backhoe, lifting crane

The Second CLV-7A   will deploy at least 160 KWe of  nuclear power to the  martian surface with at least a 10 year lifetime for the fueled reactors.

SLS Launch  35: Two CLV-7A (Cargo Landing Vehicle) to LEO to be deployed to high Mars orbit by OTV-125 vehicles and deployed to the martian surface by ADEPT decelerators

The first CLV-7A will deploy  a mobile hydrogen tanker (MHT)   plus  four   Water Bug regolith water extraction robots to the martian surface

The  second  CLV-7B will carry two mobile water tankers (MWT), two mobile LOX tankers (MLT) 


SLS Launch 36: Two CLV-7A (Cargo Landing Vehicle) to LEO to be deployed to high Mars orbit by OTV-125 vehicles and deployed to the martian surface by ADEPT decelerators

The first CLV-7A will deploy  a second mobile hydrogen tanker (MHT)   plus  four   Water Bug regolith water extraction robots to the martian surface

The  second  CLV-7B will carry two mobile ground transport vehicles

SLS Launch 37: Two Ares-ETLV-4 crew landers to LEO. They will self deploy themselves to high Mars orbit and deploy themselves to the martian surface attached to ADEPT decelerators

Commercial Launches:

1. Private commercial launch companies will continue to deploy ADEPT  deceleration shields to LEO. The deceleration shields will be transported to high Mars orbit  by NASA's growing fleet of  Orbital Transfer Vehicles (OTV-125). The ADEPT shields will allow NASA to use cargo landing vehicles (CLV-7B) and crew landing vehicles (ETLV-4), originally designed for lunar missions, to deploy cargo and crews to the martian surface. 

2. ACES  68 WPD-LV will be deployed to the lunar surface and to the surface of Mars and Deimos, replacing NASA's WPD-LV-7A propellant producing water depots

Note: 

1. All SLS and commercial launched vehicles for Mars will be deployed to Mars during the 2033 launch windows. 

2. Reusable OTV-125 will continue to be deployed to LEO with every SLS launch that uses an upper payload fairing

Two Lunar Regolith Habitats (LRH) next to a lunar biosphere domed with lunar regolith bags to protect it against excessive cosmic ration, micrometeorites, and extreme thermal fluctuations.

2033

SLS Launches:

SLS Launch 38:  A single CLV-7B carrying a Mars Regolith Habitat (MRH) will be launched to LEO to be deployed to high Mars orbit by an OTV-125  and deployed to the martian surface by ADEPT decelerators

SLS Launch 39: A second CLV-7B carrying a Mars Regolith Habitat (MRH) with a equipped with a medical level will be launched to LEO to be deployed to high Mars orbit by an OTV-125  and deployed to the martian surface by ADEPT decelerators

SLS Launch 40: A single CLV-7B carrying a Lunar Regolith Habitat (LRH) will be deployed to LEO. The lunar habitat will be used as an aquaculture facility for raising shrimp and fish.

SLS Launch 41: Two CLV-7A (Cargo Landing Vehicle) to LEO to be deployed to the lunar surface.

The First CLV-7B will deploy an inflatable 32 meter in diameter Kevlar biosphere to the lunar surface

The Second CLV-7B will deploy the biosphere's connecting airlocks (2.4 meters in diameter),

Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) and panel components for the internal construction of housing and work spaces  and geodesic dome components.

Notes: 

1. Odyssey 5 crew will depart EML1 during an April 2033 launch window, arriving in high Mars orbit in October 2033  to join 12 astronauts who are already in Mars orbit from the previous Odyssey flight.

2. Mars surface outpost components  will be transported by OTV-125 spacecraft from EML1 during May 2033 launch windows, arriving in high Mars orbit in September of 2033. 

3. A crew of six (four Americans and two foreign guest astronauts) will be the first humans to set foot on the surface of Mars in November of 2033, landing an ADEPT shielded Ares-ETLV-4 on the martian surface. A second landing of six will occur, three months later in February of 2034. Afterwards, crewed flights to the martian surface from high Mars orbit will occur every six months. 

4. The Ares ETLV-4 crew lander can land on the surface of Mars with enough propellant to return to low Mars orbit. A second  option lands the Ares ETLV-4 on the surface of Mars   with only enough hydrogen to return to Mars orbit; liquid oxygen would be supplied by mobile LOX tankers (MLT) deriving their oxygen supplies from propellant depots located near the martian outpost.  A third option lands the Ares ETLV-4 on the martian surface almost empty with both LOX and LH2 supplied from the Mars outpost for its return trip to orbit.

5. Eight  Odyssey 4 and Odyssey 5 crew members will depart Mars orbit in January 2035, returning to cis-lunar space in September of 2035 aboard the Odyssey 4. They will leave 16 crew members behind in Mars orbit aboard the AGH-SS and on the surface of Mars at the Mars outpost. 

6. The inflatable lunar Kevlar biosphere will 32 meters in diameter with a safety factor of four. Lunar regolith bags two meters thick will shield the upper hemisphere from micrometeorites, excessive radiation, and from extreme thermal fluctuations. The upper hemisphere of the lunar biosphere will provide a spacious recreational area under the geodesic dome. The lower hemisphere of the lunar biosphere will provide ample accommodations for housing, laboratories, and food production: agronomy, aquaculture, poultry.

 

Crewed Ares ETLV-4 coupled with a protective ADEPT deceleration shield. The Ares ETLV-4 can land on the martian surface with enough propellant to return to low mars orbit. 

2034


1. SLS Launch 42: An MRH (Mars Regolith Habitat) agronomy habitat will be deployed to LEO with an Ares-CLV-7B and an OTV-125 destined for the martian surface. 

2. SLS Launch 43: An MRH aquaculture habitat will be deployed to LEO with an Ares-CLV-7B and an OTV-125 destined for the martian surface. 

3. SLS Launch 44: Two Ares ETLV-4 spacecraft plus an OTV-125 will be deployed to LEO destined for high Mars orbit.

 
4. SLS Launch 45: Two Ares CLV-7A (Cargo Landing Vehicle) to LEO to be deployed to LEO destined for the martian surface:

The First Ares CLV-7B will deploy an inflatable 32 meter in diameter Kevlar biosphere to the martian surface

The Second Ares CLV-7B will deploy the biosphere's connecting airlocks (2.4 meters in diameter),

Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) and panel components for the internal construction of housing and work spaces  and transparent Kevlar biodome. 

Notes:

1. Mars biosphere: The the top hemisphere of the inner dome of the  Mars biosphere will be covered with a transparent UV filtering layer. The outer area will be  shielded from excessive cosmic radiation with a transparent water filled biodome. This will allow natural sunlight to enter the dome.

The martian moon Deimos will be utilized for the production of hydrogen, oxygen, and water eliminating the need to import water from the Earth's moon in order to provide water and propellant for interplanetary vessels returning to cis-lunar space. 

2035


1. SLS Launch 46: Two CLV-7B spacecraft will be deployed to LEO destined for the surface of the martian moon, Deimos:

The first CLV-7B  will deploy mobile ground excavation vehicles, lifting cranes, and regolith sintering vehicles. 

The second  CLV-7B  will deploy four small nuclear reactors for providing up to 160 KWe of electric power.


2. SLS Launch 47: An OTV-125 plus two CLV-7B spacecraft will be deployed to LEO destined for the surface of the martian moon, Deimos:

The first CLV-7B will have two cargo levels and will deploy mobile water, hydrogen, and water tankers to the surface of Deimos

The second CLV-7B will have two cargo levels and will deploy a plasma arc pyrolysis and syngas refinery to Deimos for the production of water, hydrogen, and water. The upper level will deploy another mobile hydrogen tanker.


3. SLS Launch 48: An OTV-125 plus a single CLV-7B carrying a Lunar Regolith Habitat (LRH) will be deployed to LEO. The lunar habitat will be used as poultry  facility for producing chickens and eggs.

4. SLS Launch 49: An OTV-125 plus two CLV-7B will be deployed to LEO destined for the lunar surface

The First CLV-7B will deploy an inflatable 32 meter in diameter Kevlar biosphere to the lunar surface

The Second CLV-7B will deploy the biosphere's connecting airlocks (2.4 meters in diameter),

Environmental Control and Life Support Systems (ECLSS) and panel components for the internal construction of housing and work spaces  and geodesic dome components.

Notes

1. With five habitat modules and two biospheres, NASA's lunar outpost would be complete and capable of housing up to 200 personal-- if desired. 

2. Deimos water and propellant producing facility will allow NASA to fuel spacecraft operating in Mars orbit and interplanetary spacecraft heading back to cis-lunar space. 

3. Launch windows to Mars from cis-lunar space will occur in June and July of 2035 with payloads and personal arriving to high Mars orbit in December of 2035 or January of 2036. 


So, under this architecture, NASA will have permanent outpost on both the Moon and Mars, and artificial gravity outpost in high Mars orbit by the middle 2030s. The DOD will have permanent outpost on the Moon and an artificial gravity outpost at EML4 by early 2030s. This will be possible thanks to a combination of regular launches by the SLS (up to four launches a year by the late 2020s) and private commercial launch vehicles in the 2020s and the 2030s.

Propellant producing water depots are the key to substantially enhancing the payload capabilities of both the SLS and private commercial launch vehicles under this scenario. However, NASA's current plan of relying on propellants  that have to be terrestrially produced  and launched from the Earth's enormous gravity well would severely curtail the payload capabilities and sustainability of   the SLS and private commercial launch vehicles. 

Links and References


A Practical Timeline for  Establishing a Permanent Human Presence on the Moon and Mars using SLS and Commercial Launch Capability

 Part I

Part II

Part III

NASA Ames Research Center Trajectory Browser

What about Mr. Oberth?

Inflatable Biospheres for the New Frontier

Protecting Spacefarers from Heavy Nuclei

Pioneering and Commercial Advantages of Permanent Outpost on the Moon and Mars

Twin Regolith shielded habitats on a sintered  lunar surface area. Each habitat module is connected to each other by an inflatable pressurized  walkway. 

Permanent outposts on the surfaces of the Moon and Mars  could be the first major steps towards the expansion of human civilization into the rest  of the solar system.  Unaided traction for human walking requires a gravity that is at least 10% of the gravity at the  Earth's surface. The Moon, Mars, Mercury, and the Jovian moon, Callisto, are all worlds that have surface gravities higher than 0.1 g. So these are extraterrestrial worlds  that will probably be accessible for continuous human occupation before the end of the century. However, whether such  low gravity environments would  have significant deleterious effects on  human health and reproduction is currently unknown. But long before the permanent settlement of extraterrestrial worlds,  human outpost on the Moon and Mars, could have beneficial scientific, commercial, and even strategic benefits for those nations and businesses that dare to venture there.

Planets and Moons within the solar system that are potentially suitable for human colonization:

Moon

surface area relative to the Earth: 7.4%     

surface gravity relative to the Earth: 0.17g 

diameter relative to the Earth: 27.3%


Mars

surface area relative to the Earth: 28.4%
   
surface gravity relative to the Earth: 0.38g 

diameter relative to the Earth: 53.1%


Mercury
 
surface area relative to the Earth:  14.7%
   
surface gravity relative to the Earth: 0.38g 

diameter relative to the Earth:  38.3%


Callisto 

surface area relative to the Earth:  14.3%
   
surface gravity relative to the Earth: 0.13g 

 diameter relative to the Earth:  37.8%

Note: Land area comprises 29% of the Earth's surface with 71% covered by water

Regolith shielded habitat designed for the Moon and Mars. Mobile water tanker provides water to the habitat for drinking, washing, growing food, and for the production of air.

Internal view of a regolith shielded habitat with regolith placed within the two meter cavity within the automatically deployed walls surrounding  the 8.4 meter in diameter pressurized habitat.

Permanent outpost on the surface of the Moon could immediately exploit lunar regolith to protect humans from significant exposure to harmful levels of radiation.  Just two meters of lunar regolith dumped within the walls of a lunar regolith habitat could reduce annual cosmic radiation exposure below the maximum legal limit for radiation workers on Earth (5 Rem per year)  during the solar minimum while also protecting astronauts from radiation exposure from major solar events. Protection from micrometeorites and extreme temperature fluctuations would be an added benefit of  insulating a lunar habitat with regolith.

A single lunar habitat derived from the technology used to make the light weight 8.4 meter in diameter hydrogen fuel tanks for the SLS could provide two levels of floor space  approximately 111 square meters in area. That would be more floor space than the average home in Germany, Japan, Sweden, Italy, Spain, Russia, and in the UK. The deployment of such  habitats for the private commercial community could also be used  as lunar hotels for space tourist or to house workers for private companies involved in the export of lunar water or regolith for government and private entities.

Creating solid pavement for the deployment of  habitats and other lunar outpost components upon dust free surfaces could be created by using mobile robots to pave and sinter lunar regolith.  This could eliminate tracking in deleterious lunar dust into pressurized habitats when astronauts are working in the paved  lunar outpost area. 

Mobile water tanker for storing and transporting water and a mobile water extracting  robot that uses microwaves to extract water from regolith from the shadowed areas of the lunar poles.

In the lunar polar regions, roving microwave water extraction robots could mine ice particles from the  permanently shadowed areas for the production of water. Water, of course, can be used for drinking, washing, food preparation, and for growing food. Water can also be electrolyzed for the production of oxygen for air and for the production of hydrogen and oxygen for rocket fuel needed to return to Earth.

Human biowaste could be converted into methanol through pyrolysis. Methanol and oxygen can be used with fuel cells to produce electricity for back up energy during periods of lunar darkness. The water produced from the combustion of methanol and oxygen can be recycled. The CO2 produced from the manufacture of methanol and from the combustion of methanol in fuel cells can be used to enhance the growth of indoor lunar crops. Small portable methanol fuel cells could also be used to provide power for pressure suits during lunar excursions.

Nitrogenous biowaste, such as urine, could be used as fertilizer for lunar crops.

However,  there is some  evidence that substantial quantities of carbon and nitrogenous material may also  be a significant component of the permanently shadowed areas at the lunar poles. Astronauts stationed at  lunar outpost at the lunar poles could used to explore and to quantify the amount of volatiles located within the shadowed regions.

Buried nuclear power plant on the lunar surface (Credit: NASA)

While solar panels attached to the habitats would provide the initial power for a lunar habitat, small nuclear reactors   buried beneath the lunar regolith only a few hundred meters away could provide substantial amounts of electricity for the lunar facility, 24 hours a day.

Outposts originally designed for the lunar surface could also be utilized  on the surfaces of Mars, Mercury, and Callisto and even on the meager surfaces of large asteroids and on the moons of Mars.

Three regolith shielded habitat modules on a sintered  Martian surface area. Each habitat module is  connected to each other by two inflatable pressurized  walkways.   

Permanent outpost on the Moon and Mars and on other worlds, would allow the continuous exploration of those surfaces by both humans and robots. Unmanned solar or nuclear powered rovers on the lunar surface, operated by humans on Earth, could visit and collect samples from  practically every area on the surface of the Moon. The collected rocks and soil could then be returned to the lunar outpost for immediate study or for eventual export back to Earth.

On Mars, both robotic rovers and hydrogen blimps could be utilized to continuously explore the Martian surface. Such robots could be operated in real time by the astronauts on the Martian surface or in orbit around Mars at a  space station.  Again, the collected samples by the remote controlled robots could be returned to the Martian outpost for immediate study or for eventual export back to Earth.

A permanent US government presences on the surface of the Moon and Mars will also enhance the ability of private American companies to protect their assets from potentially hostile foreign entities that will probably also be on these new worlds by mid century.

Marcel F. Williams

© New Papyrus


Links and References

 D. Bryant Cramer.  "Physiological Considerations of Artificial Gravity."  Applications of Tethers in Space, volume 1, pages 3·95-3·107.  Edited by Alfred C. Cron.  NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1985.  Conference Publication 2364: proceedings of a workshop held in Williamsburg, Virginia, June 15-17, 1983.

Lunar Station Protection: Lunar Regolith Shielding

Wet vs Dry Moon

Utilizing the SLS to Build a Cis-Lunar Highway

Cosmic Radiation and the New Frontier

NASA Steps Closer to Nuclear Power for Moon Base

How big is a house? Average house size by country
 
Mission and Implementation of an Affordable Lunar Return (Spudis & Lavoie) 

Using the resources of the Moon to create a permanent, cislunar space faring system (Spudis & Lavoie)