Colonizing Callisto

Blue Origin's National Team Lunar Lander

Links and References

Blue Origin: Human Landing System

Oceans Beyond the Earth

Passively Capturing Plastic Waste in the Oceans

Links and References

The Ocean Cleanup Successfully Catches Plastic in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

The Ocean Cleanup Project

The Ocean Cleanup (Wikipedia)

Deploying a Ginormous SLS Derived Dry/Wet Workshop Habitat with a Single SLS Launch

Notional SLS derived Dry/Wet orbital habitat with more than 4000 cubic meters of pressurized volume. A reusable  Orion/ACES 68 orbital transfer vehicle designed for lunar orbital missions is docked at one of the Dry Habitats while a Space X Dragon approaches the other Dry Habitat, shuttling paying tourist to the station from Earth. 

At an estimated cost of $165 billion (in today’s dollars), the International Space Station (ISS) is considered to be the most expensive human made structure ever built. Requiring more than 40 rocket launches for assembly, the ISS currently has a pressurized volume exceeding 916 cubic meters. Yet, a single launch of a basic SLS Block IB Cargo launcher could easily deploy a dry workshop microgravity habitat with a pressurized volume exceeding 2000 cubic meters.  But even if a habitat was deployed with multiple pressured cylindrical sections to enhance safety plus air locks for docking, a single SLS launched dry station or multiple dry stations would still have total pressurized volumes far exceeding that of the ISS. 

Two individuals working within the empty interior of the  8.4 meter in diameter  SLS liquid hydrogen propellant tank (Credit: Boeing Aerospace.)

However, if  the empty LOX and LH2 tanks of the SLS core stage core stage, used to place the dry habitat or habitats into orbit, were re-pressurized with a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere, an additional  pressurized   volume exceeding 3000 cubic meters could be added. So in combination, a dry/wet  workshop habitat deployed by a single SLS launch, could easily provide a total pressurized volume ranging from 4000 to 5000 cubic meters, more than four to five times the pressurized the volume found on the ISS.

Notional Mission Module for re-purposing a Centaur upper stage (Credit: IXION)

So for less than 5% of the total cost of the ISS,  its technologically feasible for  an SLS derived habitat to be deployed to LEO with more than four to five times the pressurized volume of the ISS (actually less than 1% of the cost of the ISS per pressurized volume).

Notional SLS propellant tank derived dry workshop habitat (Credit: NASA)

If two Dry Workshop Habitats (DWH)  are launched by an SLS IB to LEO, one could be attached to the SLS core vehicle’s empty LOX tank after residual oxygen is purged into space. And  the other could be attached to the purged SLS LH2 fuel tank. So two enormous semi-isolated sections could be created within one titanic space habitat.

Flexcraft (single manned transport vehicles) could be used by an astronaut residing in one section of the habitat to visit the other large section.  But larger transport vehicles using thrusters could be deployed to the mega habitat by commercial launch vehicles. Such vehicles could conveniently transport up to six astronauts from one section of the other using waste carbon dioxide or hydrogen to power the thrusters. 

X-Ray interior of an SLS core stage mated to two SLS propellant tank derived Dry Habitats. The long red cylinder represents the SLS hydrogen tank. And the shorter blue tank represents the liquid oxygen tank. The Dry Habitat connected to the LOX tank has a Cupola attached to allow vistors to view the surface of the Earth as the station orbits. 

The two propellant tank derived wet workshops could be immediately utilized for  microgravity recreation and for stowage, allowing more of the dry workhop areas to be used for human occupation.

Astronaut performing microgravity gymnastics within the spacious 6.6 meter in diameter Skylab dry workship habitat (Credit: NASA).

The linear docked workshop could have four docking ports plus a windowed Cupola for viewing the Earth. Attached to the repurposed LOX tank would add more than 800 cubic meters of additional pressurized volume that could be used for  microgravity recreation and for storing food, water, extra pressure suites and equipment plus the garbage and biological waste that are continuously produced by the stations inhabitants. 

ISS Cupola viewing area (Credit:NASA)

A DWS habitat docked with he LH2 tank could have five docking ports with an additional pressurized volume exceeding 2000 cubic meters. The substantially larger living space could prompt more elaborate use of the wet station area. Additional divisions could be built inside of the enormous wet workshop to provide additional private rooms and work areas for occupants.  Crops and even fruit trees as tall as 4.2 meters (13 feet 9 inches tall) could be planted along the walls of the wet workshop to grow fruits and vegetables for the station.

Conceivably, one section of the mega orbiting habitat could be exclusively used for NASA and US military astronauts (US Space Corp?) while the other section with the Cupola could be utilized exclusively for space tourism.  

Propellant depots, space laboratories, and even zombie satellites that need to be refurbishment or repaired could be redeployed near the mega habitat, perhaps a few hundred meters or a few kilometers away,  in the same orbital arc. Flexcraft or Mini-Transports could be used to transport personal staying at the space station to nearby space laboratories or to a malfunctioning satellite in need of repair that has recently been deployed near the space station.

Notional FlexCraft vehicle (Credit: NASA)

Crewed reusable orbital transfer vehicles designed to travel to other regions of cis-lunar space  could dock with the mega station until they are ready to be refueled at a nearby orbiting propellant depot before traveling to an Earth-Moon Lagrange point or Low Lunar Orbit.  

 Polls conducted in 2018, suggest that 42% of Americans would like to travel into space. But world wide, there are only about 52,000 people who could actually afford to do so. But that still suggest that there may be 22,000 people who would like to travel into space and have the money to pay for it. Annually, if just 10% of the super wealthy who desired to travel into space (2200 people) payed to visit an orbiting habitat,  that would require a prodigious 440 to 550  commercial launches every year. That, of course, doesn't include the number of unmanned launches needed to provide such habitats with food and water and other supplies.  But even if a mere 1% of the wealthy who desired to travel into space purchased rides to a space habitat every year,  that would require 44 to 55 private commercial launches annually.

If the owners of space habitats charged  $4 million for a ten day stay, that would only represent less than 10% of the cost to a customer assuming the cost of traveling to and from orbit is around $50 million. So orbiting habitats could make $24 million for a ten day stay for six people (tourist plus pilots).  So if they accommodated customers every ten days, such a habitat could make more than  $864 million in revenue every year for just 36 flights per year.  Additional revenue could, of course, be made for providing accommodations for NASA and Space Corp astronauts in the other section of the mega habitat.


Links and References

Manufacturing of the International Space Station

 

NASA Funds Plan to Turn Used Rocket Fuel Tanks Into Space Habitats

 

Commercial Launch Demand to Private Microgravity Habitats at Low Earth Orbit

 

Station will cost tourists $52 million